The Battle Between the Bible and Atheism  

Verse 1 And there was given me a reed like unto a rod: and the angel stood,
saying, Rise, and measure the temple of God, and the altar, and them that
worship therein. 2 But the court which is without the temple leave out, and
measure it not; for it is given unto the Gentiles: and the holy city shall
they tread under foot forty and two months.  

We here have a continuation of the instruction which the angel began giving
to John in the preceding chapter; hence these verses properly belong to
that chapter, and should not be separated by the present division. In the
last verse of Revelation 10, the angel gave a new commission to John as a
representative of the church. In other words, as already shown, we have in
that verse a prophecy of the third angel's message. The message is
connected with the temple of God in heaven, and is designed to fit a class
of people as worshipers.  

The Measuring Rod.--The temple here cannot mean the church, for the church
is brought to view in connection with this temple as "them that worship
therein." The temple is therefore the literal temple in heaven, and the
worshipers are not to be measured in the sense of ascertaining the height
and girth of each one in feet and inches. They are to be measured as
worshipers, and character can be measured only be some standard of right, a
law or principle or action. We are thus brought to the conclusion that the
ten commandments, the standard which God has given by which to measure "the
whole duty of man," are a part of the measuring rod put by the angel into
the hands of John. In the fulfillment of this prophecy under the third
angel's message, this very law has been put in a special way into the hands
of the church. This is the standard by which the worshipers of the true God 
are not to be tested.  

Seeing now what it is to measure those who worship in the temple, we
inquire, What is meant by measuring the temple? To measure any object
requires that special attention be given to that object. The call to rise
and measure the temple of God is a prophetic command to the church to give
the subject of the temple, or sanctuary, a special examination. But how is
this to be done with a measuring rod given to the church? With the ten
commandments alone we could not do it. When we take the entire message,
however, we find ourselves let by it to an examination of the sanctuary on
high, with the commandments of God and the ministration of Christ. Hence we
conclude that the measuring rod, taken as a whole, is the special message
now given to the church, which embraces the great truths peculiar to this
time, including the ten commandments.  

By this message, our attention has been called to the temple above, and
through it the light and truth on this subject has come out. Thus we
measure the temple and the altar, or the ministration connected with the
temple, the work and the position of our great High Priest; and we measure
the worshipers with that part of the rod which relates to character, the
ten commandments.  

"The court which is without the temple leave out." This must be interpreted
to mean that the attention of the church is now directed to the inner
temple and the service there. Matters pertaining to the court are of less
consequence now. It is given to the Gentiles. That the court refers to this
earth is proved thus: The court is the place where the victims were slain
whose blood was to be ministered in the sanctuary. The antitypical victim
must die in the antitypical court, and He died on Calvary in Judea. The
Gentiles being thus introduced, the attention of the prophet is directed to
the great feature of Gentile apostasy, the treading down of the holy city
forty and two months during that time. Thus we are carried back into the
past by an easy and natural transition, and our attention is called to a
new series of events.  

Verse 3 And I will give power unto My two witnesses, and they shall
prophesy a thousand two hundred and threescore days, clothed in sackcloth.  

The period of "a thousand two hundred and three score days" is variously
referred to in the Scriptures. It appears in three forms:  

As 1260 days in this verse and Revelation 12: 6.  

As 42 months in Revelation 11: 2 and 13: 5.  

As 3 1/2 times in Daniel 7: 25 and 12: 7, and Revelation 12: 14.  

These all refer to the same period and can be easily be calculated. A time
is a year, as is evident from Daniel 11: 13, marginal reading. A year has
twelve months, and a Biblical month contains thirty days. Thus we have the
following:  

1 year of 12 months at 30 days - - - - 360 days  

3 1/2 years, or times, of 360 days - - - - 1260 days  

42 months of 30 days - - - - - - - - 1260 days  

A year made up of 12 months will be readily conceded, but that the month
has 30 days needs perhaps to be demonstrated. This can readily be seen by
referring to the record of the flood in Genesis 7 and 8. There we learn the
following:  

1. That the flood came on the seventeenth day of the second month. 
(Genesis
7: 11.)  

2. That the waters subsided on the seventeenth day of the seventh month.
(Genesis 8: 4.)  

3. That the flood continued for five months--form the second to the seventh
month.  

Reference to Genesis 7: 24 reveals the fact that "the waters prevailed upon
the earth a hundred and fifty days." Our calculation showed five months.
This text mentions 150 days; hence we have five months equaling 150 days,
or 30 days to a month.  

Thus we have a definite measure for calculating the prophetic periods,
bearing in mind that in prophecy a day is equal to a year of ordinary time.  

The Two Witnesses.--During this time of 1260 years the witnesses are in a
state of sackcloth, or obscurity, and God gives them power to endure and 
maintain their testimony through that dark and dismal period. But who or 
what are these witnesses?  

Verse 4 These are the two olive trees, and the two candlesticks standing
before the God of the earth.  

Evident allusion is here made to Zechariah 4: 11-14, where it is implied
that the two olive trees are taken to represent the word of God. David
testifies, "The entrance of Thy words giveth light;" and, "Thy word is a
lamp unto my feet, and a light unto my path." Psalm 119: 130, 105. Written
testimony is stronger than oral. Jesus declared of the Old Testament
Scriptures, "They are they which testify of Me." John 5: 39.  

Says George Croly: "The 'Two Witnesses' are the Old and New Testaments. . .
. The essential purpose of the Scriptures is to give witness to the mercy
and verity of God. Our Lord commands, 'Search the Scriptures, . . . they
are they which testify [bear witness] of Me.' This was addressed to the
Jews, and described the character and office of the Old Testament. The New
Testament is similarly pronounced the giver of testimony. 'This gospel of
the kingdom shall be preached in all the world for a witness unto all
nations.' (Matthew 24: 14.)" [1]  

These declarations and considerations are sufficient to sustain the
conclusion that the Old and New Testaments are Christ's two witnesses.  

Verse 5 And if any man will hurt them, fire proceedeth out of their mouth,
and devoureth their enemies: and if any man will hurt them, he must in this
manner be killed.  

To hurt the word of God is to oppose, corrupt, or pervert its testimony,
and turn people away from it. Against those who do this work, fire
proceedeth out of their mouth to devour them, that is, judgment of fire is
pronounced in that word against such. It declares that they will have their
punishment in the lake that burns with fire and brimstone. (Malachi 4: 1;
Revelation 20: 15; 22: 18, 19.)  

Verse 6 These have power to shut heaven, that it rain not in the days of
their prophecy: and have power over waters to turn them to blood, and to
smite the earth with all plagues, as often as they will.  

In what sense have these witnesses power to shut heaven, turn waters to
blood, and bring plagues on the earth? Elijah shut heaven so that it did
not rain for three years and a half, but he did by the word of the Lord.
Moses by the word of the Lord turned the waters of Egypt to blood. Just as
these judgments, recorded in their testimony, have been fulfilled, so will
every threatening and judgment pronounced by them against any people surely
be accomplished.  

"As often as they will" means that as often as judgments are recorded on
their pages to take place, so often they will come to pass. An instance of
this the world is yet to experience in the infliction of the seven last
plagues.  

Verse 7 And when they shall have finished their testimony, the beast that
ascendeth out of the bottomless pit shall make war against them, and shall
overcome them, and kill them. 8 And their dead bodies shall lie in the
street of the great city, which spiritually is called Sodom and Egypt,
where also our Lord was crucified.  

"When they shall have finished their testimony," that is, "in sackcloth."
the sackcloth state ended, or as elsewhere expressed the days of
persecution were shortened (Matthew 24: 22), before the period itself
expired. "A 'beast' in prophecy, denotes a kingdom, or power. (See Daniel
7: 17, 23.) The question now arises, When did the sackcloth state of the
witnesses close? And did such a kingdom as described make war on them at
the time spoken of? If we are correct in fixing upon A.D. 583 as the time
of the commencement of the sackcloth state, forty-two months being the 1260
prophetic days, or years, would bring us down to A.D. 1798. About this
time, then, did such a kingdom as described appear, and make war on them,
etc.? Mark! this beast, or kingdom, is out of the bottomless pit--no
foundation--an atheistical power--'spiritually Egypt.' (See Exodus 5: 2:
'Pharaoh said, Who is the Lord, that I should obey His voice to let Israel
go? I know not the Lord, neither will I let Israel go.') Here is atheism. Did any
kingdom, about 1798 manifest the same spirit?--Yes, France; she denied the
being of God in her national capacity, and made war on the 'Monarchy of 
heaven.' "[2]  

"In the year 1793, . . . the gospel was, by a solemn act of the Legislature
and the people abolished in France. The indignities offered to the actual
copies of the Bible were unimportant after this; their life in their
doctrines, and the extinction of the doctrines is the extinction of the
Bible. By the decree of the French Government, declaring that the nation
acknowledged no God, the Old and New Testaments were slain throughout the
limits of Republican France. But contumelies to the Sacred Books could not
have been wanting, in the general plunder of every place of worship. In
Lyons they were dragged at the tail of an ass in a procession through the
streets. . . .  

"On the 1st of November, 1793, Gobet, with the Republican priests of Paris,
had thrown off the gown, and abjured Religion. On the 11th, a 'Grand
Festival,' dedicated to 'Reason and Truth,' was celebrated in the Cathedral
of Notre Dame, which had been desecrated, and been named 'the Temple of
Reason;' a pyramid was erected in the center of the Church, surmounted by a
temple, inscribed 'To philosophy.' The torch of 'Truth' was on the altar of
'Reason' spreading light, etc. The National Convention and all the
authorities attended at this burlesque and insulting ceremony." [3]  

Spiritual Sodom.--" 'Spiritually' this power 'is called Sodom.' What was
the characteristic sin of Sodom? Licentiousness. Did France have this
character? She did; fornication was established by law during the period
spoken of. 'Spiritually' the place was 'where our Lord was crucified.' Was
this true in France? It was, in more senses than one. First, in 1572 a plot
was laid in France to destroy all the pious Huguenots; and in one night, fifty thousand 
of them were murdered in cold blood, and the streets of Paris literally ran with blood. 
Thus our Lord was 'spiritually crucified' in His members. Again, the watch-word 
and motto of the French Infidels was, 'CRUSH THE WRETCH,' meaning Christ. 
Thus it may be truly said, 'where our Lord was crucified.' The very spirit of the
bottomless pit' was poured out in that wicked nation.  

"But did France 'make war' on the Bible? She did; and in 1793 a decree
passed the French Assembly forbidding the Bible, and under that decree the
Bibles were gathered and burned, and every possible mark of contempt heaped
upon them, and all institutions of the Bible abolished; the Sabbath was
blotted out, and every tenth day substituted for mirth and profanity.
Baptism and the communion were abolished. The being of God was denied; and
death pronounced to be an eternal sleep. The Goddess of Reason was set up,
in the person of a vile woman, and publicly worshiped. Surely here is a
power that exactly answers the prophecy." [4] This point will be further
developed in the comments on the next verse.  

Verse 9 And they of the people and kindreds and tongues and nations shall
see their dead bodies three days and an half, and shall not suffer their
dead bodies to be put in graves.  

"The language of this verse denotes the feelings of other nations than the
one committing the outrage on the witnesses. They would see what war
infidel France had made on the Bible, but would not be led nationally to
engage in the wicked work, nor suffer the murdered witnesses to be buried,
or put out of sight among themselves, though they lay dead three days and a
half, that is, three years and a half, in France. No; this very attempt of
France served to arouse Christians everywhere to put forth a new exertion
in behalf of the Bible, as we shall presently see." [5]  

Verse 10 And they that dwell upon the earth shall rejoice over them, and
make merry, and shall send gifts one to another; because these two prophets
tormented them that dwelt on the earth.  

"This denotes the joy those felt who hated the Bible, or were tormented by
it. Great was the joy of infidels everywhere for awhile. But 'the
triumphing of the wicked is short;' so was it in France, for their war on
the Bible and Christianity had well-nigh swallowed them all up. They set
out to destroy Christ's 'two witnesses,' but they filled France with blood
and horror, so that they were horror-struck at the result of their wicked
deeds, and were glad to remove their impious hands from the Bible." [6]  

Verse 11 And after three days and an half the spirit of life from God
entered into them, and they stood upon their feet; and great fear fell upon
them which saw them..  

Witnesses Restored.--"In 1793, the decree passed the French Assembly
suppressing the Bible. Just three years after, a resolution was introduced
into the Assembly going to supersede the decree, and giving toleration to
the Scriptures. That resolution lay on the table six months, when it was
taken up, and passed without a dissenting vote. Thus, in just three years
and a half, the witnesses 'stood upon their feet, and great fear fell upon
them which saw them.' Nothing but the appalling results of the rejection of
the Bible could have induced France to take her hands off these witnesses."
[7]  

"On the 17th of June, Camille Jourdan, in the 'Council of Five Hundred,'
brought up the memorable report on the 'Revision of the laws relative to
religious worship.' It consisted of a number of propositions, abolishing
alike the Republican restrictions on Popish worship, and the Popish
restrictions on Protestant.  

"1. That all citizens might buy or hire edifices for the free exercise of
religious worship.  

"2. That all congregations might assemble by the sound of bells.  

"3. That no test or promise of any sort unrequired from other citizens
should be required of the ministers of those congregations.  

"4. That any individual attempting to impede, or in any way interrupt the
public worship should be fined, up to 500 livres, and not less than 50; and
that if the interruption proceeded form the constituted authorities, such
authorities should be fined double the sum.  

"5. That entrance to assemblies for the purpose of religious worship should
be free for all citizens.  

"6. That all other laws concerning religious worship should be repealed.  

"Those regulations, in comprehending the whole state of worship of France,
were, in fact, a peculiar boon to Protestantism. Popery was already in
sight of full restoration. But Protestantism, crushed under the burthen of
the laws of Louis XIV, and unsupported by the popular belief, required the
direct support of the state to 'stand on its feet.' The Report of the
Church; the old prohibitions to hold public worship, to possess places of
worship, to have ingress, etc.  

"From that period the Church has been free in France. . . .  

"The Church and the Bible had been slain in France from November, 1793 till
June, 1797. The three years and a half were expended, and the Bible, so
long and so sternly repressed before, was placed in honor, and was openly
the book of free Protestantism!" [8]  

Verse 12 And they heard a great voice from heaven saying unto them, Come up
hither. And they ascended up to heaven in a cloud; and their enemies beheld
them.  

" 'Ascended up to heaven.'--To understand this expressions, see Daniel 4:
22: 'Thy greatness is grown, and reacheth unto heaven.' Here we see that the 
expression signifies great exaltation. Have the Scriptures attained to such a state
 of exaltation as here indicated,since France made war upon them?--They have.
 Shortly after, the British Bible Society was organized [1804]; then followed the 
American Bible Society [1816]; and these, with their almost innumerable auxiliaries,
are cattering the Bible everywhere." [9] Before 1804 the Bible had been
printed and circulated in fifty languages.  

"Up to the end of December, 1942, the Bible in whole or in part has been
translated into 1,058 languages and dialects."  

No other book approaches the Bible in inexpensiveness and the number of
copies circulated. The American bible Society reported having printed and
circulated, in whole, or in part, 7,696,739 portions in 1940; 8,096,069, in
1941; and 6,254,642, in 1942. The British and Foreign Bible Society
reported for the year ending in the middle of 1941 a circulation of
11,017,334 copies; and in 1942, 7,120,000 copies.  

A conservative estimate places the number of Bibles printed annually by
commercial houses at six million. Hence the annual output of Bibles and
portions has reached the enormous total of from twenty-five to thirty
million copies a year.  

From its organization up to and including 1942, the American Bible Society
had issued 321,951,266 copies; and the British and Foreign Bible Society up
to March, 1942, had issued 539,664,024 copies, making a total of
861,600,000 copies put out by these two societies alone. The American Bible
Society said in May, 1940: "It is that nine tenths of the 2,000,000,000
people in the world might now, if they turned to the Bible, hear it read in
a language they understand." The Bible is exalted as above all price, as,
next to His Son, the most invaluable blessing of God to man, and as the
glorious testimony concerning that son. Yes; the Scriptures may truly be
said to be exalted "to heaven in a cloud," a cloud being an emblem of
heavenly elevation.  

Verse 13 And the same hour was there a great earthquake, and the tenth part
of the city fell, and in the earthquake were slain of men seven thousand:
and the remnant were affrighted, and gave glory to the God of heaven.  

"What city? (See Revelation 17: 18: 'The woman which thou sawest is that
great city which reigneth over the kings [kingdoms] of the earth.') That
city is the papal Roman power. France is one of the ' ten horns' that gave
'their power and strength unto the [papal] beast;' or is one of the ten
kingdoms that arose out of the Western Empire of Rome, as indicated by the
ten toes of Nebuchadnezzar's image, Daniel's ten-horned beast [Daniel 7:
24], and John's ten-horned dragon. [Revelation 12: 3.] France, then, was 'a
tenth part of the city,' and was one of the strongest ministers of papal
vengeance; but in this revolution it 'fell,' and with it fell the last
civil messenger of papal fury. 'And in the earthquake were slain of men
[margin, names of men] seven thousand.' France made war, in here revolution
of 1798 [1789] and onward, on all titles and nobility. . . . 'And the
remnant were affrighted, and gave glory to the God of heaven.' Their
God-dishonoring and Heaven-defying work filled France with such scenes of
blood, carnage, and horror, as made even the infidels themselves to
tremble, and stand aghast; and the 'remnant' that escaped the horrors of
that hour 'gave glory to God--not willingly, but the God of heaven caused
this 'wrath of man to praise Him,' by giving all the world to see that
those who make war on heaven make graves for themselves; thus glory
redounded to God by the very means that wicked men employed to tarnish that
glory." [10]  

Verse 14 The second woe is past; and, behold, the third woe cometh quickly.  

The Trumpets Resumed.--The series of seven trumpets is here again resumed.
The second woe ended with the sixth trumpet, August 11, 1840, and the third
woe occurs under the sounding of the seventh trumpet, which began in 1844.  

Then where are we? "Behold!" that is to say, mark it well, "the third woe
cometh quickly." The fearful scenes of the second woe are past, and we are
now under the sounding of the trumpet that brings the third and last woe.
Shall we now look for peace and safety, a temporal millennium, a thousand
years of righteousness and prosperity on earth? Rather let us earnestly
pray the Lord to awaken a slumbering world.  

Verse 15 And the seventh angel sounded; and there were great voices in
heaven, saying, The kingdoms of this world are become the kingdoms of our
Lord, and of His Christ; and He shall reign for ever and ever. 16 And the
four and twenty elders, which sat before God on their seats, fell upon
their faces, and worshipped God, 17 saying, We give thee thanks, O Lord God
Almighty, which art, and wast, and art to come; because Thou hast taken to
Thee Thy great power, and hast reigned.  

From the fifteenth verse to the end of the chapter, we seem to be carried
over the ground in three distinct times from the sounding of the seventh
angel to the end. In the verses here quoted, the prophet glances forward to
the full establishment of the kingdom of God. Although the seventh trumpet
has begun to sound, it may not yet be a fact that the great voices in
heaven have proclaimed that the kingdoms of this world are become the
kingdoms of our Lord and of His Christ, unless it be in anticipation of the
speedy accomplishment of this event. But the seventh trumpet, like the
preceding six, covers a period of time, and the transfer of the kingdoms
from earthly powers to Him whose right it is to reign, is the principal
event to occur in the early years of its sounding. Hence this event, to the
exclusion of all else, here engages the mind of the prophet. (See remarks
on verse 19.) In the next verse John goes back and takes up intervening
events.  

Verse 18 And the nations were angry, and Thy wrath is come, and the time of
the dead, that they should be judged, and that Thou shouldst give reward
unto Thy servants the prophets, and to the saints, and them that fear Thy
name, small and great; and shouldst destroy them which destroy the earth.  

"The Nations Were Angry."--Beginning with the spontaneous outburst of
revolutions in Europe in 1848, the anger of nations toward one another has been 
constantly increasing. Jealousy and hatred among nations has been the rule 
rather  than the exception. Particularly has this been manifested in the two 
world wars of the twentieth century, when it seemed that men would be willing 
to annihilate whole nations in the heat of their anger.  

Here are the exact words of a Harvard professor:  

"The twentieth century, so far, has been the bloodiest period and one of
the most turbulent periods--and therefore one of the cruelest and lest
humanitarian --in the history of Western civilization and perhaps in the
chronicles of mankind in general." [11]  

"Thy Wrath Is Come."--The wrath of god for the present generation is filled
up in the seven last plagues (Revelation 15: 1), which consequently must
here be referred to, and which are soon to be poured out upon the earth.  

"The Time of the Dead, That They Should Be Judged."--The great majority of
the dead, that is, the wicked, are still in their graves after the
visitation of the plagues, and the close of the gospel age. A work of
judgment, of allotting to each one the punishment due because of his sins,
is carried on by the saints in conjunction with Christ during the one
thousand years following the first resurrection. (1 Corinthians 6: 2;
Revelation 20: 4.) Inasmuch as this judgment of the dead follows the wrath
of God, or the seven last plagues, it would seem necessary to refer it to
the one thousand years of judgment upon the wicked, above mentioned; for
the investigative judgement takes place before the plagues are poured out.  

"Thou Shouldst Give Reward Unto Thy Servants the Prophets."--These will
enter upon their reward at the second coming of Christ, for He brings their
reward with Him. (Matthew 16: 27; Revelation 22: 12.) The full reward of
the saints, however, is not reached until they enter upon the possession of
the new earth. (Matthew 25: 34.)  

Punishment of the Wicked.--"Shouldst destroy them which destroy the earth,"
refers to the time when all the wicked, who have literally devastated vast
regions and wantonly destroyed human life, will be forever devoured by
those purifying fires from God out of heaven. (2 Peter 3: 7; Revelation 20:
9.) Thus the seventh trumpet reaches to the end of the one thousand years.
Momentous, startling, yet joyous thought! The trumpet now sounding sees the
final destruction of the wicked, and the saints clothed in a glorious
immortality, safely located on the earth made new.  

Verse 19 And the temple of God was opened in heaven, and there was seen in
His temple the ark of His testament: and there were lightnings, and voices,
and thunderings, and an earthquake, and great hail.  

The Temple Opened.--Once more the prophet carries us back to the beginning
of the trumpet. After the introduction of the seventh trumpet in verse 15,
the first great event that comes to mind of the seer is the transfer of the
kingdom from earthly to heavenly rule. God takes to Him His great power,
and forever crushes the rebellion of this revolted earth, establishes
Christ upon His own throne, and remains Himself supreme over all. We are
next referred back to the state of the nations, the judgment to fall upon
them, and the final destiny of both saints and sinners. (Verse 18.) After
this field of vision has been scanned, our attention is called back once
more in the verse now under notice, to the close of the priesthood of
Christ, the last scene in the work of mercy for a guilty world.  

The temple is opened, and the second apartment of the sanctuary is entered.
We know it is the holy of holies that is here opened, for the ark is seen;
and in that apartment alone the ark was deposited. This took place at the
end of the 2300 days, when the sanctuary was to be cleansed. (Daniel 8:
14.) At that time the prophetic periods ended and the seventh angel began
to sound. Since 1814, the people of God have seen by faith the open door in
heaven, and the ark of God's testament within. They are endeavoring to keep
every precept of the holy law written upon the tables deposited there. That the
tables of the law are there, just as they were in the ark in the sanctuary erected 
by Moses, is evident from the terms which John uses in describing the ark. He
calls it the "ark of His testament."  

The ark was called the ark of the covenant, or testament, because it was
made for the express purpose of containing the tables of the testimony, or
ten commandments. (Exodus 25: 16, 31: 18; Deuteronomy 10: 2, 5.) It was put
to no other use, and owed its name solely to the fact that it contained the
tables of the law. If it did not contain the tables, it would not be the
ark of God's testament, and could not truthfully be so called. Yet John,
beholding the ark in heaven under the sounding of the seventh trumpet,
still calls it the "ark of His testament," affording unanswerable proof
that the law is still there, unaltered in one jot of tittle from the copy
which for a time was committed to the care of men in the typical ark of the
tabernacle during the time of Moses.  

The followers of the prophetic word have also received the reed, and are
measuring the temple, the altar, and those that worship therein.
(Revelation 11: 1.) They are uttering their last prophecy before nations,
peoples, and tongues. (Revelation 10: 11.) The drama will soon close with
the lightnings, thunderings, voices, the earthquake, and great hail, which
will constitute nature's last convulsion before all things are made new at
the close of the thousand years. (Revelation 21: 5.) (See comments on
Revelation 16: 17-21.)  

[1] George Croly, The Apocalypse of St. John, p. 164.  

[2] George Storrs, Midnight Cry, May 4, 1843, Vol. IV, Nos. 5, 6, p. 47.  

[3] George Croly, The Apocalypse of St. John, pp. 175-177.  

[4] George Storrs, Midnight Cry, May 4, 1843, Vol. IV, Nos. 5, 6, p. 47.  

[5] Ibid.  

[6] Ibid.  

[7] Ibid.  

[8] George Croly, The Apocalypse of St. John, pp. 181-183.  

[9] George Storrs, Midnight Cry, May 4, 1843, Vol. IV, Nos. 5, 6, p. 47.  

[10] Ibid., p. 48.  

[11] Pitirim A. Sorokin, Social and Cultural Dynamics, Vol. III, p. 487.
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